People visit a viewing deck overlooking Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong. The city’s property prices have continued to climb because of the influx of mainland Chinese developers.
He managed to qualify as a first-time homebuyer, purchasing three luxury apartments for HK$1.2 billion ($155 million) on the same day last month. Previously Leong had held no real estate in his name — despite owning more than 300 other properties, including apartments, hotels and shopping malls, through his company, Tai Hung Fai Enterprises Co., and having an estimated net worth of $4 billion.
Wealthy buyers are finding legal ways around restrictions designed to cool home prices in the world’s least affordable city, where leaders are grappling to shrink a yawning wealth gap. Property prices have risen to near-record highs and sales volumes have surged since Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying announced the latest round of curbs on November 4, underscoring the challenges in taming the market.
“Since the policies were introduced, most of the tycoons have been finding ways around them,” said Alan Wong, director of the Hong Kong market at Landscope Christie’s International Real Estate. About 70 per cent of new apartments sold since last month’s measures have involved first-time buyers who qualified for the lower rate, compared with about 30 per cent before the new tax was imposed, said Henry Mok, regional director of markets at Jones Lang LaSalle Inc.
The government has tried to increase supply by releasing more land for sale, although prices have continued to climb because of the influx of mainland Chinese developers seeking a toehold in Hong Kong.
Prices in the secondary housing market have risen 0.8 per cent since early November to just 1.4 per cent below a September 2015 record, according to Centaline Property Agency Ltd. Adrian Cheng, executive vice-chairman of New World Development Co., said the company was seeing a higher percentage of first-time buyers than before the new tax.
Another method employed by the wealthy involves buying a shell company that owns a property, which is treated as a share transfer and only incurs a stamp duty of 0.2 per cent. If the company is registered offshore, the tax is zero.
That’s the tactic used in the November 28 sale of a free-standing home with a yard and swimming pool in the Kowloon district that was appraised at HK$410 million. If it had been sold as a home rather than through the British Virgin Islands-registered company that holds the property, the sale would have triggered 45 per cent in taxes, including a flip tax because it was purchased earlier this year — a total of more than HK$180 million. Instead, the tax bill will be $0.
In 2011, more than half of Hong Kong’s homes worth more than HK$20 million were sold via companies. Although the practice was virtually halted after the government in 2013 began taxing companies buying properties at higher rates than individuals, thousands of properties are still held in this way and can offer significant tax savings when they are resold.
Wong from Landscope said he gets many requests from foreigners, mostly rich mainland Chinese, looking to buy one of these companies, as they would otherwise face the new 15 per cent tax plus an extra 15 per cent tax on non-permanent residents. In fact, the property agency’s website promotes the practice.
“Beat the stamp duty hike,” the site says. “Intimidated by the 15 per cent stamp duty? No worries! Our keypersons have sourced an array of properties that can be sold via share transfer (of course you will need a lawyer to handle the process).”
Still, because due diligence on the companies can be costly and complicated, only about 5 per cent of luxury homes are bought in this way.
Leong’s purchase at the Mount Nicholson development, a mountain-nestled enclave, set a record for the most ever paid per square foot for a property in Asia, according to JLL. By being able to pay a lower stamp duty for first-time buyers, Leong saved 10.75 per cent in taxes.
Two of the new apartments are adjacent units on the 17th floor and could be combined into more than 8,700 square feet of living space for Leong as his principal residence, more than 10 times the average size of a Hong Kong apartment. The third apartment, measuring 4,566 square feet, is 10 floors below and belongs to Leong and his family.
The new tax is the latest in a series of measures since 2011 aimed at making it easier for low-income families to get onto the property ladder while increasing the costs for investors and foreign buyers. These include a tax that penalises people who resell within three years and an extra stamp duty of 15 per cent for non-permanent residents.
The government’s new 15 per cent stamp duty replaced taxes ranging from 3 per cent on homes worth less than HK$3 million to a maximum of 8.5 per cent on those worth more than HK$21.7 million. The rates are half that for first-time buyers, which includes people who may have owned homes in the past but currently do not.
“This is clearly a loophole,” said Raymond Yeung, chief economist at Australia & New Zealand Banking Group Ltd. in Hong Kong. “The government hadn’t thought about this before they launched the measure.”
Singapore, which has been successful in driving down home prices since rolling out curbs in 2009, also levies a 15 per cent tax on foreigners and companies, while first-time homebuyers face lower stamp duties. Singapore and Hong Kong both define a first-time buyer as someone who currently does not own property in their name, regardless of whether they previously owned a home.
Unlike Hong Kong, however, Singapore doesn’t allow first-time, multiple property purchases at lower rates.
“The government is trying to cool the market, but there is no evidence that previous measures have done that,” David Webb, a Hong Kong-based shareholder activist who bought his own home 10 years ago through a company registered in the Seychelles. “There has been a whole series of misguided measures that have not had their intended effect.”
Still, nobody’s talking about making getting around tax measures more difficult, said Denis Ma, head of Hong Kong research at JLL. “These are loopholes that haven’t been closed, and I don’t think they can be,” he said. “Hong Kong prides itself on being a very free market, and government intervention is not very high.”