Once on track to be Switzerland’s first Bitcoin bank, Xapo, founded in Silicon Valley, has found a new home in Gibraltar after confronting regulatory challenges in the Swiss market. Now, as a fully licensed digital private bank, Xapo serves clients across the globe, with CEO Seamus Rocca shedding light on its journey during an exclusive interview with finews.com. Today, the only remnant of Xapo in Switzerland is a high-security vault nestled deep within the Gotthard Massif.
Xapo began its journey in 2013, founded by Argentinian entrepreneur Wences Casares as a secure vault service for Bitcoin. Fueled by a vision that Bitcoin could stabilize global economies, Casares established ultra-secure cold storage solutions, including a vault set within a former army fortress high in the Swiss Alps.
In 2015, the company moved its headquarters to Zug, Switzerland’s Crypto Valley, aiming to secure a banking license and bringing in former UBS and Barclays executive Olga Feldmeier to bolster its efforts.
However, the optimism surrounding a Swiss domicile quickly evaporated as the harsh reality of regulation set in. “Switzerland was promoting itself as crypto-friendly, but the reality was different when dealing with regulators,” remarked Rocca. Swiss authorities required servers to be located within the country and enforced a board structure that Rocca described as “going back in time,” highlighting how outdated these requirements felt amid a tech revolution reliant on global cloud setups.
Simultaneously, regulatory tensions in the U.S. prompted Xapo to reassess its global aspirations. After selling its institutional custody segment to Coinbase in 2019, Rocca noted, “We decided to simplify our operational, regulatory, legal infrastructure.” This strategic retreat from both Switzerland and the U.S. was aimed at shielding clients from prohibitive regulatory costs. Rocca wryly mused that perhaps they should have kept that custody business given Coinbase’s subsequent fee hikes.
In 2021, Xapo set its sights on Gibraltar, a jurisdiction that embraced blockchain businesses. Rocca characterized this pivot as establishing Gibraltar as “the new Switzerland—private banking in the realm of crypto.” Unlike its Swiss counterpart, Gibraltar’s regulatory environment allowed Xapo to maintain a global, remote-first structure—a necessity for a fintech-driven bank. “We’re more tech than fin,” Rocca declared, reinforcing the need for a more supportive jurisdiction.
Today, Xapo boasts a full banking license and a distributed ledger technology license as a virtual asset service provider in Gibraltar. With a workforce of approximately 200 employees, it stands among the largest crypto-focused banks worldwide, paralleling Swiss entities Sygnum and Amina Bank, both granted banking licenses in 2019.
What sets Xapo apart, however, is its distinct business strategy. Aimed entirely at retail clients, it operates much like a traditional private bank but with a focus on cryptocurrency holders. New members are charged a $1,000 onboarding fee—a conscious decision to attract serious investors. “If that fee feels expensive, you probably don’t have enough bitcoin,” Rocca quipped, setting a tone for their exclusive clientele.
Clients enjoy a suite of banking products including deposit accounts, payment cards, savings, loans, and investment options—all incorporated under Bitcoin’s umbrella. Imagine holding a U.S. dollar account with an IBAN for wire transfers, while simultaneously storing bitcoins securely within Xapo’s vault and earning interest. Rocca emphasizes that clients can engage with Bitcoin just as they would with traditional currencies.
Clients of Xapo can use a debit card linked to USD accounts, creating a seamless experience that converts Bitcoin into dollars at the point of sale. Rocca explains, “Every time you use your card on Bitcoin, we buy the Bitcoin off you, sell it into dollars, and settle with the merchant.” So, while merchants may see dollars only, clients are utilizing their Bitcoin balance.
Xapo’s Bitcoin savings account allows users to earn interest by depositing BTC, functioning as a fund generating yield, all while providing users with a straightforward interest-bearing experience. The bank also offers bitcoin-backed loans, letting clients leverage their BTC as collateral while ensuring it remains securely housed within its vault. Rocca noted that this approach secures clients’ assets, invoking images of the Swiss mountains where they are stored.
Excitingly, Xapo is integrating the Bitcoin Lightning Network for expedited transactions, with plans to introduce new features—one being the capability for clients to invest in stock indices using Bitcoin. “We’re going to allow you to buy stocks in the S&P 500 with Bitcoin,” Rocca revealed.
All of these products come via a user-friendly app that merges the elegance of private banking with the convenience of fintech. Rocca explains their mission of recreating traditional banking functions for Bitcoin users, emphasizing that “we’re not in the mass market; we’re in the premium banking business, pretty much like a Swiss private bank.”
Xapo’s assets have reportedly peaked at around 900,000 bitcoins, nearing 90 billion francs at current valuations, before the company chose to reshape its business strategy. Rocca noted an intention to sustain profitability, sharing that the bank experienced its first profit in 2023. Unlike Sygnum and Amina, focusing on institutional clients, Xapo’s gamble lies in appealing to high-net-worth individuals, particularly in regions where local banking systems may inspire distrust.
The evolution of Xapo illustrates the importance of regulatory arbitrage within the crypto finance sector. Gibraltar’s adaptive regulations stand in stark contrast to the stifling environment Xapo left behind in both Switzerland and the U.S. Rocca observes an emerging trend where the U.S. appears more crypto-friendly as European markets become increasingly cautious, “We never quite seem to strike that balance where the main economic superpowers are all aligned.”
This uneven landscape explains why Xapo still abstains from onboarding U.S. clients but remains open to reconsideration. Rocca has hinted at potential plans for a U.S. presence, gauging the viability of re-entering the market if conditions become favorable.
While Xapo has shifted its headquarters, it retains its Swiss vault—an impenetrable fortress shielded by thick granite and biometric security. By fusing legendary Swiss security with the flexibility of modern fintech, Xapo offers clients both safety and cutting-edge banking functionalities. As the crypto industry experiences another wave of optimism, fueled by rising Bitcoin prices, Rocca remains vigilant, aware that “winter will come again.”
“If you’re in the Bitcoin space, we’re riding high,” Rocca reflects. However, acknowledging the cyclical nature of Bitcoin, he speculates that the current bullish market might carry through to 2025 before potentially facing a downturn. The eventual “crypto winter” may arrive, and his insight encourages investors to stay informed. In the meantime, Xapo continues to ride this wave, navigating the ever-shifting sands of the crypto landscape.
What prompted Xapo to move its operations from Switzerland to Gibraltar?
Xapo faced stringent regulatory requirements in Switzerland that stifled its growth and operational flexibility, whereas Gibraltar offered a more accommodating environment.
How does Xapo differentiate itself in the competitive crypto banking market?
Xapo focuses entirely on retail clients, providing traditional private banking services tailored for Bitcoin holders, unlike many peers targeting institutional clients.
What future plans does Xapo have regarding its operations in the U.S.?
Xapo is currently assessing the possibility of re-entering the U.S. market, evaluating regulatory conditions to determine if it makes sense to onboard American clients again.
